Tickfloor

Social media chart patterns: 47 Backtests

Data last updated

Indicator rules that spread through trading videos and social posts, coded from how they are taught.

2 of 47 strategies finished ahead of the benchmark on the raw number, and 0 had an unadjusted p-value under 0.05. None cleared the correction for trying 1,774 tests in total (a q-value below 0.10), so no result here is a confirmed edge. Scored 2026-10-31, using data up to 2025-03-15.

Strategies here tested on crypto, ETFs, US stocks. See the full family index, the full method and every result, or download the raw registry (JSON).

Results

RuleMarketVs benchmarkSamplep-valueCorrected qReceipt
Does buying crypto with the strongest Relative Vigor Index work? receipt
Source: retail trading content: Relative Vigor Index RVI crypto strength ranking
crypto+49.2 pts/yr339 rebalances0.0981.000On-site receipt
Does the Supertrend indicator work on crypto? receipt
Source: retail trading content: supertrend 10 3 crypto strategy
crypto+6.0 pts/yr434 trades0.4191.000On-site receipt
Full test: Supertrend
Does the Random Walk Index work as a stock-selection signal? receipt
Source: retail trading content: Michael Poulos Random Walk Index stock trading strategy
US stocks−0.0 pts/yr430 rebalances1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does the Price Momentum Oscillator work on crypto? receipt
Source: retail trading content: DecisionPoint Price Momentum Oscillator PMO crypto strategy
crypto−0.0 pts/yr720 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does the golden cross (50/200) work across sector ETFs? receipt
Source: retail trading content: golden cross death cross etf strategy
ETFs−2.2 pts/yr175 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does the Hull moving average work on ETFs? receipt
Source: alanhull.com
ETFs−3.2 pts/yr1,580 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does the Awesome Oscillator saucer setup work on stocks? receipt
Source: retail trading content: Bill Williams Awesome Oscillator bullish saucer strategy
US stocks−4.2 pts/yr396 rebalances1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does the Fisher Transform indicator work on crypto? receipt
Source: retail trading content: Ehlers Fisher Transform nine period crypto strategy
crypto−4.6 pts/yr2,592 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does the McGinley Dynamic work on crypto? receipt
Source: retail trading content: McGinley Dynamic 20 period crypto trading strategy
crypto−5.5 pts/yr1,489 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does Wilder's Accumulative Swing Index work on ETFs? receipt
Source: J. Welles Wilder Jr., New Concepts in Technical Trading Systems (1978)
ETFs−5.6 pts/yr3,401 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does Laguerre RSI work on ETFs? receipt
Source: retail trading content: John Ehlers Laguerre RSI gamma 0.5 strategy
ETFs−6.0 pts/yr1,838 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does the Klinger volume oscillator work on ETFs? receipt
Source: tradingview.com
ETFs−6.4 pts/yr5,247 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does the Vertical Horizontal Filter identify stock trends worth buying? receipt
Source: retail trading content: Vertical Horizontal Filter Adam White stock trend strategy
US stocks−6.5 pts/yr387 rebalances1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does the Mass Index reversal bulge work on ETFs? receipt
Source: tradingview.com
ETFs−7.0 pts/yr70 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Negative volume index receipt
Source: none published (Tickfloor research-desk test)
US stocks−7.7 pts/yr386 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does the Accelerator Oscillator three-green-bars rule work? receipt
Source: retail trading content: Bill Williams Accelerator Oscillator three green bars below zero
US stocks−11.6 pts/yr414 rebalances1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does the Gann HiLo Activator work on daily stocks? receipt
Source: retail trading content: Gann HiLo Activator three day stock trend strategy
US stocks−12.3 pts/yr6,654 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Volume price trend receipt
Source: none published (Tickfloor research-desk test)
US stocks−12.4 pts/yr591 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Ease of movement receipt
Source: none published (Tickfloor research-desk test)
US stocks−12.8 pts/yr684 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does the Ehlers Center of Gravity oscillator work on stocks? receipt
Source: retail trading content: Ehlers Center of Gravity oscillator turning point stock strategy
US stocks−13.0 pts/yr5,403 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Positive volume index receipt
Source: none published (Tickfloor research-desk test)
US stocks−13.5 pts/yr420 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Elder force index receipt
Source: none published (Tickfloor research-desk test)
US stocks−13.5 pts/yr861 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Accumulation distribution oscillator receipt
Source: none published (Tickfloor research-desk test)
US stocks−13.8 pts/yr896 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Three white soldiers / three black crows candlestick pattern (wide US stocks) receipt
Source: TikTok/Instagram candlestick-pattern reels; Bulkowski pattern stats as academic baseline
US stocks−14.5 pts/yr1,447 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Full test: Candlestick Patterns
Ichimoku Cloud breakout + Tenkan/Kijun cross (wide US stocks) receipt
Source: YouTube Ichimoku strategy tutorials, r/algotrading Ichimoku threads
US stocks−14.6 pts/yr8,595 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
ADX(14)>25 filter with +DI/-DI cross (wide US stocks) receipt
Source: TradingView/YouTube ADX+DMI strategy tutorials
US stocks−14.7 pts/yr3,477 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does the Trend Trigger Factor work on crypto? receipt
Source: retail trading content: Trend Trigger Factor 15 period 100 threshold crypto strategy
crypto−17.4 pts/yr468 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Chaikin money flow confirmation receipt
Source: none published (Tickfloor research-desk test)
US stocks−17.7 pts/yr651 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Heikin-Ashi candle color-flip trend system (wide US stocks) receipt
Source: YouTube 'Heikin-Ashi trading strategy' tutorials
US stocks−18.1 pts/yr5,351 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Full test: Heikin-Ashi
Persistent high closes receipt
Source: none published (Tickfloor research-desk test)
US stocks−18.4 pts/yr397 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Bullish outside-bar continuation receipt
Source: none published (Tickfloor research-desk test)
US stocks−18.4 pts/yr206 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
RSI(14) 50-midline trend filter (not overbought/oversold) receipt
Source: YouTube 'RSI 50 line strategy' videos, Constance Brown RSI trend-mode concept
crypto−18.5 pts/yr1,086 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Full test: RSI Trading Strategy
Does the VIDYA adaptive moving average work on crypto? receipt
Source: retail trading content: VIDYA Chande momentum adaptive moving average crypto strategy
crypto−19.8 pts/yr1,398 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does the FRAMA adaptive moving average work on crypto? receipt
Source: retail trading content: Ehlers FRAMA fractal adaptive moving average crypto strategy
crypto−24.7 pts/yr3,296 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does Supertrend plus an ADX filter work on crypto? receipt
Source: retail trading content: supertrend adx combo strategy
crypto−27.8 pts/yr467 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Full test: Supertrend
Does the Schaff Trend Cycle work on crypto? receipt
Source: retail trading content: Schaff Trend Cycle 23 50 10 trading strategy
crypto−28.2 pts/yr1,237 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Triple EMA ribbon alignment (8/21/55) receipt
Source: TikTok/YouTube 'EMA ribbon' trend-following content
crypto−29.5 pts/yr2,517 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Full test: Moving Average Crossover
Does Ehlers' Cyber Cycle work on crypto? receipt
Source: John F. Ehlers, Cybernetic Analysis for Stocks and Futures (2004)
crypto−38.5 pts/yr2,468 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Ichimoku Cloud breakout + Tenkan/Kijun cross receipt
Source: YouTube Ichimoku strategy tutorials, r/algotrading Ichimoku threads
crypto−41.9 pts/yr914 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Full test: Ichimoku Cloud
Heikin-Ashi candle color-flip trend system receipt
Source: YouTube 'Heikin-Ashi trading strategy' tutorials
crypto−47.4 pts/yr1,249 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Full test: Candlestick Patterns
Full test: Heikin-Ashi
Does the Stochastic RSI work on crypto? receipt
Source: retail trading content: stochastic rsi crypto strategy 20 80
crypto−51.9 pts/yr926 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does leaving a choppy market identify a crypto trend? receipt
Source: retail trading content: Choppiness Index 61.8 release crypto trend strategy
crypto−55.5 pts/yr530 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Three white soldiers / three black crows candlestick pattern receipt
Source: TikTok/Instagram candlestick-pattern reels; Bulkowski pattern stats as academic baseline
crypto−58.9 pts/yr223 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Full test: Candlestick Patterns
Does the 9/21 EMA cross work on 1-hour crypto? receipt
Source: retail trading content: 9 21 ema crossover crypto 1h scalping
crypto−62.9 pts/yr9,911 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does Bill Williams' Market Facilitation Index work on crypto? receipt
Source: metatrader4.com
crypto−64.4 pts/yr3,910 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Does the Chande Forecast Oscillator work on crypto? receipt
Source: retail trading content: Chande Forecast Oscillator linear regression crypto strategy
crypto−67.3 pts/yr3,931 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
ADX(14)>25 filter with +DI/-DI cross receipt
Source: TradingView/YouTube ADX+DMI strategy tutorials
crypto−70.6 pts/yr452 trades1.0001.000On-site receipt
Full test: ADX and Parabolic SAR
  • Does buying crypto with the strongest Relative Vigor Index work?

    crypto · +49.2 pts/yr · 339 rebalances · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: Relative Vigor Index RVI crypto strength ranking
    p-value
    0.098
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the Supertrend indicator work on crypto?

    crypto · +6.0 pts/yr · 434 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Full test: Supertrend

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: supertrend 10 3 crypto strategy
    p-value
    0.419
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the Random Walk Index work as a stock-selection signal?

    US stocks · −0.0 pts/yr · 430 rebalances · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: Michael Poulos Random Walk Index stock trading strategy
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the Price Momentum Oscillator work on crypto?

    crypto · −0.0 pts/yr · 720 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: DecisionPoint Price Momentum Oscillator PMO crypto strategy
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the golden cross (50/200) work across sector ETFs?

    ETFs · −2.2 pts/yr · 175 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: golden cross death cross etf strategy
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the Hull moving average work on ETFs?

    ETFs · −3.2 pts/yr · 1,580 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the Awesome Oscillator saucer setup work on stocks?

    US stocks · −4.2 pts/yr · 396 rebalances · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: Bill Williams Awesome Oscillator bullish saucer strategy
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the Fisher Transform indicator work on crypto?

    crypto · −4.6 pts/yr · 2,592 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: Ehlers Fisher Transform nine period crypto strategy
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the McGinley Dynamic work on crypto?

    crypto · −5.5 pts/yr · 1,489 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: McGinley Dynamic 20 period crypto trading strategy
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does Wilder's Accumulative Swing Index work on ETFs?

    ETFs · −5.6 pts/yr · 3,401 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    J. Welles Wilder Jr., New Concepts in Technical Trading Systems (1978)
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does Laguerre RSI work on ETFs?

    ETFs · −6.0 pts/yr · 1,838 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: John Ehlers Laguerre RSI gamma 0.5 strategy
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the Klinger volume oscillator work on ETFs?

    ETFs · −6.4 pts/yr · 5,247 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the Vertical Horizontal Filter identify stock trends worth buying?

    US stocks · −6.5 pts/yr · 387 rebalances · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: Vertical Horizontal Filter Adam White stock trend strategy
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the Mass Index reversal bulge work on ETFs?

    ETFs · −7.0 pts/yr · 70 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Negative volume index

    US stocks · −7.7 pts/yr · 386 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    none published (Tickfloor research-desk test)
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the Accelerator Oscillator three-green-bars rule work?

    US stocks · −11.6 pts/yr · 414 rebalances · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: Bill Williams Accelerator Oscillator three green bars below zero
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the Gann HiLo Activator work on daily stocks?

    US stocks · −12.3 pts/yr · 6,654 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: Gann HiLo Activator three day stock trend strategy
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Volume price trend

    US stocks · −12.4 pts/yr · 591 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    none published (Tickfloor research-desk test)
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Ease of movement

    US stocks · −12.8 pts/yr · 684 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    none published (Tickfloor research-desk test)
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the Ehlers Center of Gravity oscillator work on stocks?

    US stocks · −13.0 pts/yr · 5,403 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: Ehlers Center of Gravity oscillator turning point stock strategy
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Positive volume index

    US stocks · −13.5 pts/yr · 420 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    none published (Tickfloor research-desk test)
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Elder force index

    US stocks · −13.5 pts/yr · 861 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    none published (Tickfloor research-desk test)
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Accumulation distribution oscillator

    US stocks · −13.8 pts/yr · 896 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    none published (Tickfloor research-desk test)
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Three white soldiers / three black crows candlestick pattern (wide US stocks)

    US stocks · −14.5 pts/yr · 1,447 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Full test: Candlestick Patterns

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    TikTok/Instagram candlestick-pattern reels; Bulkowski pattern stats as academic baseline
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Ichimoku Cloud breakout + Tenkan/Kijun cross (wide US stocks)

    US stocks · −14.6 pts/yr · 8,595 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    YouTube Ichimoku strategy tutorials, r/algotrading Ichimoku threads
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • ADX(14)>25 filter with +DI/-DI cross (wide US stocks)

    US stocks · −14.7 pts/yr · 3,477 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    TradingView/YouTube ADX+DMI strategy tutorials
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the Trend Trigger Factor work on crypto?

    crypto · −17.4 pts/yr · 468 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: Trend Trigger Factor 15 period 100 threshold crypto strategy
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Chaikin money flow confirmation

    US stocks · −17.7 pts/yr · 651 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    none published (Tickfloor research-desk test)
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Heikin-Ashi candle color-flip trend system (wide US stocks)

    US stocks · −18.1 pts/yr · 5,351 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Full test: Heikin-Ashi

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    YouTube 'Heikin-Ashi trading strategy' tutorials
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Persistent high closes

    US stocks · −18.4 pts/yr · 397 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    none published (Tickfloor research-desk test)
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Bullish outside-bar continuation

    US stocks · −18.4 pts/yr · 206 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    none published (Tickfloor research-desk test)
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • RSI(14) 50-midline trend filter (not overbought/oversold)

    crypto · −18.5 pts/yr · 1,086 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Full test: RSI Trading Strategy

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    YouTube 'RSI 50 line strategy' videos, Constance Brown RSI trend-mode concept
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the VIDYA adaptive moving average work on crypto?

    crypto · −19.8 pts/yr · 1,398 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: VIDYA Chande momentum adaptive moving average crypto strategy
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the FRAMA adaptive moving average work on crypto?

    crypto · −24.7 pts/yr · 3,296 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: Ehlers FRAMA fractal adaptive moving average crypto strategy
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does Supertrend plus an ADX filter work on crypto?

    crypto · −27.8 pts/yr · 467 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Full test: Supertrend

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: supertrend adx combo strategy
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the Schaff Trend Cycle work on crypto?

    crypto · −28.2 pts/yr · 1,237 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: Schaff Trend Cycle 23 50 10 trading strategy
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Triple EMA ribbon alignment (8/21/55)

    crypto · −29.5 pts/yr · 2,517 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Full test: Moving Average Crossover

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    TikTok/YouTube 'EMA ribbon' trend-following content
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does Ehlers' Cyber Cycle work on crypto?

    crypto · −38.5 pts/yr · 2,468 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    John F. Ehlers, Cybernetic Analysis for Stocks and Futures (2004)
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Ichimoku Cloud breakout + Tenkan/Kijun cross

    crypto · −41.9 pts/yr · 914 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Full test: Ichimoku Cloud

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    YouTube Ichimoku strategy tutorials, r/algotrading Ichimoku threads
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Heikin-Ashi candle color-flip trend system

    crypto · −47.4 pts/yr · 1,249 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Full test: Candlestick Patterns

    Full test: Heikin-Ashi

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    YouTube 'Heikin-Ashi trading strategy' tutorials
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the Stochastic RSI work on crypto?

    crypto · −51.9 pts/yr · 926 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: stochastic rsi crypto strategy 20 80
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does leaving a choppy market identify a crypto trend?

    crypto · −55.5 pts/yr · 530 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: Choppiness Index 61.8 release crypto trend strategy
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Three white soldiers / three black crows candlestick pattern

    crypto · −58.9 pts/yr · 223 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Full test: Candlestick Patterns

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    TikTok/Instagram candlestick-pattern reels; Bulkowski pattern stats as academic baseline
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the 9/21 EMA cross work on 1-hour crypto?

    crypto · −62.9 pts/yr · 9,911 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: 9 21 ema crossover crypto 1h scalping
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does Bill Williams' Market Facilitation Index work on crypto?

    crypto · −64.4 pts/yr · 3,910 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • Does the Chande Forecast Oscillator work on crypto?

    crypto · −67.3 pts/yr · 3,931 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    retail trading content: Chande Forecast Oscillator linear regression crypto strategy
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
  • ADX(14)>25 filter with +DI/-DI cross

    crypto · −70.6 pts/yr · 452 trades · corrected q 1.000

    Full test: ADX and Parabolic SAR

    Source, p-value and result file
    Source
    TradingView/YouTube ADX+DMI strategy tutorials
    p-value
    1.000
    Corrected q
    1.000
How to read these results

"Vs benchmark" is the strategy's annualized return minus an equal-weight benchmark, rebalanced daily, on the same assets and days. Strategies are charged trading costs; the benchmark pays none. Ahead is not a confirmed edge: the p-value is the unadjusted chance of a gap this large by luck, and the corrected q allows for how many strategies were tried, because testing hundreds of ideas throws up lucky winners. Every strategy saw only data up to the same cutoff date. The receipt is the frozen result file for that rule.

"Sample" is trades for rules that enter and exit a position, and rebalances for portfolio rules. A rebalance is a scheduled date on which a portfolio rule re-ranks and held at least one position. It is the sample size for portfolio rules. A holdings change is a rebalance where what the portfolio held, or its weights, differed from the previous one. Only these cost money to trade. The two are different counts and are never swapped. Definitions.

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